What You Need to Know
The process atomizes a liquid feed through a high‑pressure nozzle (5–10 bar) into 10–100 µm droplets, which are exposed to liquid nitrogen at –196 °C. The resulting heat‑transfer coefficient (~10⁵ W m⁻² K⁻¹) drives instantaneous nucleation and growth of ice crystals within sub‑millisecond residence times, yielding a fine, homogeneous ice network.
The Science
Primary Reaction
H₂O(l) → H₂O(s)