What You Need to Know
During fermentation, lactic acid bacteria convert sugars to lactic and acetic acids, lowering pH and strengthening gluten. Yeast simultaneously ferments sugars to CO₂ and ethanol, creating oven spring. The high‑heat bake triggers Maillard reactions, caramelizing crust sugars and forming aromatic compounds.
The Science
Primary Reaction
Fermentation of carbohydrates by lactic acid bacteria and yeast producing lactic acid, acetic acid, CO₂, and ethanol