Shortening

“Lard and shortenings containing high levels of palm oil were able to withstand large deformations without breakage.”

lard and shortenings containing high levels of palm oil → are able to withstand → large deformations without breakage

“Biscuits made with bakery shortening had better surface characteristics and higher crispness.”

biscuit surface characteristics and crispness → were better → when made with bakery shortening

“The higher rate of kernel growth at 30 C was negated by a pronounced shortening of the duration of the grain filling period.”

kernel growth rate at 30 C → negated → by a pronounced shortening of the duration of the grain filling period

“The animal fat shortenings were mainly in the β-polymorphic form, while vegetable shortenings containing palm oil were in the β′ form.”

animal fat shortenings → are mainly in → β-polymorphic form

“Formulae have been developed by straight blending and by interesterification of palm oil and palm kernel oil to produce shortenings and margarines using hydrogenated fats to give the consistency required”

interesterification → produces → shortenings and margarines